Tomato golden net virus and tomato yellow net virus: two novel New World begomoviruses with monopartite genomes.

Two novel tomato-infecting begomoviruses were discovered via high-throughput sequencing in Brazil. Both viruses were also Sanger-sequenced and displayed DNA-A components phylogenetically related to New World bipartite begomoviruses. The names tomato golden net virus (ToGNV) and tomato yellow net virus (ToYNV) were proposed. The majority of the New World begomoviruses has bipartite genomes. However, extensive analyses revealed that ToGNV and ToYNV have monopartite genomes, because no cognate DNA-B components were detected. Hence, they may comprise a unique group of monopartite New World begomoviruses, which have enormous biological, molecular, and plant breeding interest.

In silico and in vitro assessment of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi efficacy, genotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of pentasubstituted pyrrolic Atorvastatin-aminoquinoline hybrid compounds.

Atorvastatin (AVA) is a third-generation statin with several pleiotropic effects, considered the last synthetic pharmaceutical blockbuster. Recently, our group described the effects of AVA on DNA damage prevention and against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and in silico pharmacokinetic profile of four hybrids of aminoquinolines with AVA 4a-d against T. cruzi using in vitro and in silico models. These synthetic compounds were designed by hybridization of the pentapyrrolic moiety of AVA with the aminoquinolinic unit of chloroquine or primaquine. Pharmacokinetics (ADME) and toxicity parameters were predicted by SwissADME, admetSAR and LAZAR in silico algorithms. The trypanocidal activity of AVA-quinoline hybrids were evaluated in vitro against amastigotes and trypomastigotes of T. cruzi, from Y (Tc II) and Tulahuen (Tc VI) strains. In vitro cardiocytotoxicity was assessed using primary cultures of mouse embryonic cardiac cells and in vitro hepatocytotoxicity on bidimensional and 3D-cultured HepG2 cells. Genotoxicity was evaluated by Ames test and micronucleus assay. Despite the overall good in silico ADMET profile, all tested compounds were predicted to be hepatotoxic. All hybrid derivatives presented high trypanocidal activity, against both trypomastigote and intracellular forms of T. cruzi, presenting EC50's lower than 1 µM besides superior selectivity than the reference drug, without evidences of cardiotoxicity in vitro. The compounds 4a and 4b presented a time-dependent toxicity in monolayer culture of HepG2 but no detectable toxic effects in their spheroids, opposing to the in silico prediction. We can conclude that the AVA-aminoquinoline hybrids presented a hit profile as antiparasitic agents in synthetic pharmaceutical innovation platforms.

Confirmation of Groundnut ringspot orthotospovirus (GRSV) Infection in Eggplant Cultivars in Brazil.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important vegetable crop in Brazil, especially in family-based farming. Eggplant hybrids 'Ciça' and 'Napoli' (≈ 400 plants) were detected exhibiting virus-like symptoms (5-20% incidence) in field surveys (2015-2018) in Brasília-DF (Figure 1). Symptoms included chlorosis, mosaic and apical leaf deformation. Six symptomatic leaf samples were collected from fruit-bearing plants (around 100 days after planting) aiming at verifying the potential orthotospovirus infection. Double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) was carried out with polyclonal antibodies (produced at Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Hortaliças - CNPH) against the N gene coat protein of the three major orthotospoviruses: tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV), groundnut ringspot orthotospovirus (GRSV) and, tomato chlorotic spot orthotospovirus (TCSV). Strong serological reactions were observed only against GRSV antibodies in the extracts from symptomatic samples, but not in the controls. To confirm the causal agent of those symptoms, total RNA was extracted from infected leaf samples via the standard Trizol® (Sigma) protocol and subsequently used in a two-step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) approach. Synthesis of the cDNA was carried out with the J13 primer (5'-CCC GGA TCC AGA GCA AT-3') (Cortez et al., 2001) followed by PCR assays with the primer pair BR60 (5'-AGA GCA ATC GTG TCA-3`) and BR65 (5`-ATC AAG CCT TCT GAA AGT CAT-3') (Eiras et al., 2002). This primer set amplifies a fragment of 453 bp including the 3' untranslated region at the 3' terminus of the S RNA and the protein N-coding gene of at least five species: TSWV, GRSV, TCSV, chrysanthemum stem necrosis orthotospovirus (CSNV) and zucchini lethal chlorosis orthotospovirus (ZLCV). In addition, GRSV-specific primers (LNA Reis, unpublished) were used for amplification of all three segments: L segment: LF/LR (5'-AAC AGG ATT CAG CAA TAT GG-3'/ 5'-AAT TCC TTG AAG ACA ATT GTG T -3'); M segment: MF/MR (5'-TTT GTC CAA CCA TAC CAG ACC C- 3' / 5'-GGC TTC AAT AAA GGC TTG GG-3') and, S segment: SF/SR (5'-TTC AAA CTC AGT TGT ACT CTG A-3'/5'-TTA CTT TCG ATC TGG TTG AA- 3'). Amplicons with 509 bp (MT043204), 289 bp (MT043205), and 901 bp (MT043203) were obtained for L, M and S segments of the eggplant isolate DF-687. PCR amplicons corresponding to a segment of the N-coding gene (396 bp) of a second eggplant isolate (BJL02; MK176337) were obtained with the primer pair BR60/BR65 and subjected to Sanger dideoxy sequencing at CNPH. Alignments of nucleotide sequences of both isolates revealed identity levels varying around 99% to the corresponding genomic regions of a large set of GRSV isolates from GenBank database. PCR assays using total RNA as template yielded 494 bp amplicons solely with GRSV-specific primers (Webster et al., 2011), but no products were obtained with TSWV-specific primers (Adkins and Rosskopf, 2002), confirming the former as the sole causal agent of the field symptoms. Leaves of eggplant cv. 'Ciça' and indicator hosts, including Nicotiana rustica, Capsicum chinense 'PI 159236' (with the Tsw gene), and S. lycopersicum cv. Santa Clara were rub inoculated with extracts prepared from eggplant samples naturally infected with GRSV. Mosaic, necrotic ringspots and systemic leaf deformation symptoms were observed around ten days after inoculation on newly emerged leaves of all inoculated plants. GRSV infection was confirmed by DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR ten days after inoculation. Eggplant was erroneously listed as a host of GRSV in Brazil (Kitajima, 2020). Hence, this is the first report of eggplant infection by this virus in South America. No significant yield losses have been observed in eggplant due to GRSV infection since the overall symptoms are often mild. However, this natural host of GRSV might impact disease management strategies since eggplant is quite often cultivated under family-based farming conditions as a companion crop of highly susceptible tomato, sweet-pepper, and lettuce cultivars. References: Adkins, S., and Rosskopf, E. N. 2002. Plant Dis. 86: 1310. Cortez, I., et al. 2001. Arch. Virol. 146:265. Eiras, M. et al., 2002. Fitopatol. Bras. 27:285. Kitajima, E.W. 2020. Biota Neotrop. 20: e2019932. Webster, C. G., et al. 2011. Virology 413: 216.

Antileishmania and immunomodulatory potential of cashew nut shell liquid and cardanol.

Conventional treatments for leishmaniasis have caused serious adverse effects, poor tolerance, development of resistant strains. Natural products have been investigated as potential therapeutic alternatives. The cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a natural source of phenolic compounds with several biological activities, where cardanol (CN) is considered one of the most important and promising compounds. This study aimed to evaluate antileishmanial, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activities of CNSL and CN. Both showed antileishmanial potential, with IC50 for CNSL and CN against Leishmania infantum: 148.12 and 56.74 µg/mL; against Leishmania braziliensis: 85.71 and 64.28 µg/mL; against Leishmania major: 153.56 and 122.31 µg/mL, respectively. The mean cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) of CNSL and CN were 37.51 and 31.44 µg/mL, respectively. CNSL and CN significantly reduced the percentage of infected macrophages, with a selectivity index (SI) >20 for CN. CNSL and cardanol caused an increase in phagocytic capacity and lysosomal volume. Survival rates of Zophobas morio larvae at doses of 3; 30 and 300 mg/kg were: 85%, 75% and 60% in contact with CNSL and 85%, 60% and 40% in contact with CN, respectively. There was a significant difference between the survival curves of larvae when treated with CN, demonstrating a significant acute toxicity for this substance. Additional investigations are needed to evaluate these substances in the in vivo experimental infection model.

Isopropyl Gallate, a Gallic Acid Derivative: In Silico and In Vitro Investigation of Its Effects on Leishmania major.

Isopropyl gallate (IPG) is a polyphenol obtained from alterations in the gallic acid molecule via acid catalysis with previously reported leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities. The present study aims to evaluate in silico binding activity towards some targets for antileishmanial chemotherapy against Leishmania major species, and ADMET parameters for IPG, as well as in vitro antileishmanial and cytotoxic effects. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDockVina and BIOVIA Discovery Studio software, whereas in silico analysis used SwissADME, PreADMET and admetSAR software. In vitro antileishmanial activity on promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major, cytotoxicity and macrophages activation were assessed. IPG exhibited affinity for pteridine reductase (PTR1; -8.2 kcal/mol) and oligopeptidase B (OPB; -8.0 kcal/mol) enzymes. ADMET assays demonstrated good lipophilicity, oral bioavailability, and skin permeability, as well as non-mutagenic, non-carcinogenic properties and low risk of cardiac toxicity for IPG. Moreover, IPG inhibited the in vitro growth of promastigotes (IC50 = 90.813 µM), presented significant activity against amastigotes (IC50 = 13.45 µM), promoted low cytotoxicity in macrophages (CC50 = 1260 µM), and increased phagocytic capacity. These results suggest IPG is more selectively toxic to the parasite than to mammalian cells. IPG demonstrated acceptable in silico pharmacokinetics parameters, and reduced infection and infectivity in parasitized macrophages, possibly involving macrophage activation pathways and inhibition of leishmania enzymes.

Limonene-carvacrol: A combination of monoterpenes with enhanced antileishmanial activity.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is a parasitosis with a wide incidence in developing countries. The drugs which are indicated for the treatment of this infection usually are able to promote high toxicity. PURPOSE: A combination of limonene and carvacrol, monoterpenes present in plants with antiparasitic activity may constitute an alternative for the treatment of these diseases. METHODS: In this study, the antileishmania activity against Leishmania major, cytotoxicity tests, assessment of synergism, parasite membrane damage tests as well as molecular docking and immunomodulatory activity of limonene-carvacrol (Lim-Car) combination were evaluated. RESULTS: The Lim-Car combination (5:0; 1:1; 1:4; 2:3; 3:2; 4:1 and 0:5) showed potential antileishmania activity, with mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 5.8 to 19.0 µg.mL-1. They demonstrated mean cytotoxic concentration (CC50) ranging from 94.1 to 176.0 µg.mL-1, and did not show significant hemolytic effect. In the investigation of synergistic interaction, the 4:1 Lim-Car combination showed better fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index as well as better activity on amastigotes and IS. The samples caused considerable damage to the parasite membrane this monoterpene activity seems to be more related to Trypanothione Reductase (TryR) enzyme interaction, demonstrated in the molecular docking assay. In addition, the 4:1 Lim-Car combination stimulated macrophage activation, and showed at was the best association, with reduction of infection and infectivity of parasitized macrophages. CONCLUSION: The 4:1 Lim-Car combination appears to be a promising candidate as a monotherapeutic antileishmania agent.

Saúde mental e trabalho no contexto da pandemia por Covid-19: proposta para vigilância em saúde / Mental health and work in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic: proposal for health surveillance / Salud mental y trabajo en el contexto de la pandemia Covid-19: propuesta de vigilancia de la salud

A pandemia de Covid-19 impactou a vida dos indivíduos, causando adoecimento, sofrimento psíquico e morte de milhares de pessoas. Propõe-se apresentar, neste artigo, estratégias metodológicas de pesquisa-intervenção com objetivo de rastrear casos de transtorno mental comum (TMC) em trabalhadores(as) no estado da Bahia no contexto da pandemia. Foi realizada revisão bibliográfica para delineamento da proposta de vigilância em saúde a partir dos descritores "transtornos mentais", "Covid-19", "pandemia por Coronavírus e transtorno mental" e "Covid-19", com busca na base Medline e no site Google Acadêmico. Delimitou-se ações em duas dimensões específicas: (1) rastreamento dos casos de TMC a partir dos sistemas de informação e-SUS VE e Sivep-Gripe; articulação com entidades representativas de trabalhadores(as) e rastreamento de tentativas de suicídios e óbitos por causas externas a partir de dados secundários; (2) investigação da relação do transtorno mental com o trabalho e sua consequente notificação em sistema de informação. O rastreamento dos TMC em trabalhadores(as) permitirá conhecer a magnitude do evento na população. O delineamento de projeto piloto como uma estratégia de ação possibilita a identificação de facilitadores e barreiras no processo de implantação, tendo em vista a adequação e/ou ampliação da intervenção para outras regiões do estado, no âmbito da Rede Estadual de Saúde do Trabalhador. A articulação interinstitucional ensino-serviço no desenvolvimento do projeto piloto amplia a capacidade de compreensão e delimitação de respostas da vigilância em saúde à problemática, subsidiando ações individuais e coletivas, de assistência e prevenção dos transtornos mentais na população de trabalhadores(as).

The Covid-19 pandemic affected the peoples' life, causing illness, psychological distress and death. This article presents methodological research-intervention strategies to survey cases of common mental disorder (CMD) in workers of the state of Bahia relating it to the pandemic. A Bibliographic review was conducted to outline the health surveillance proposal based on the descriptors: "transtornos mentais", "Covid-19", "pandemia por Coronavírus e transtorno mental" and Covid-19, with search on the Medline database and Google Scholar website. Actions were delimited in specific dimensions: (1) searching for CMD cases from the e-SUS VE and Sivep-Gripe information systems; articulation with representative bodies of workers and search for suicide attempts and deaths from external causes based on secondary data; (2) investigating of the relationship between mental disorder and work and its consequent notification in an information system. The survey of CMD in workers will allow knowing the magnitude of the event in the population. The design of a pilot project as an action strategy allows the identification of facilitators and barriers in the implementation process considering the adapting and/or expanding needs of the intervention to other regions within the State Workers' Health Network. The interinstitutional teaching-service articulation expands the capacity for understanding and delimiting health surveillance responses, supporting individual and collective actions, assistance and prevention of mental disorders in the worker population.

La pandemia del Covid-19 afectó a la vida de las personas causando enfermedades, angustia psicológica y muerte. En este artículo se propone presentar estrategias metodológicas de investigación-intervención con el objetivo de rastrear casos de trastorno mental común (TMC) en trabajadores del estado de Bahía en el contexto de la pandemia. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para perfilar la propuesta de vigilancia de la salud a partir de los descriptores: "trastornos mentales"; "Covid-19"; "Pandemia de coronavirus y trastorno mental" y "Covid-19", con búsqueda en la base de datos Medline y el sitio web de Google Scholar. Las acciones se delimitaron en dos dimensiones específicas: (1) seguimiento de casos de TMC en los sistemas de información e-SUS VE y Sivep-Gripe; articulación con órganos representativos de trabajadores y seguimiento de intentos de suicidio y muertes por causas externas con base en datos secundarios; (2) investigación de la relación entre trastorno mental y trabajo y su consiguiente notificación en un sistema de información. El rastreo de los trastornos mentales en trabajadores permitirá conocer su magnitud en la población. El diseño de un proyecto piloto como estrategia de acción posibilita la identificación de facilitadores y barreras en el proceso de implementación con miras a adaptar y/o expandir la intervención a otras regiones del estado, en la Red Estadual de Salud de los Trabajadores. La articulación interinstitucional docencia-servicio en el desarrollo del proyecto piloto amplía la capacidad para comprender y delimitar las respuestas de vigilancia en salud a la problemática, subsidiando acciones individuales y colectivas, de atención y prevención de trastornos mentales en la población de trabajadores.

Avaliação de retorno ao trabalho de trabalhadores expostos ao SRS-COV-2 no contexto da pandemia / Return to work assessment of workers exposed to SRS-COV-2 in the context of the pandemic / Evaluación del regreso al trabajo de los trabajadores expuestos a SRS-COV-2 en el contexto de la pandemia

Apesar de incipientes, estudos têm contribuído com orientações a respeito de procedimentos para o afastamento de trabalhadores expostos direta ou indiretamente ao SARS-CoV-2, com sintomas de Síndrome Gripal ou de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave ou que testaram positivo para Covid-19. Ainda há lacunas sobre as condutas necessárias para avaliação do retorno ao trabalho que extrapolem a abordagem clínica. Este estudo visa orientar a tomada de decisão, o planejamento e a adoção de medidas eficazes de proteção à saúde dos trabalhadores que retornam ao ambiente de trabalho após adoecimento por Covid-19. Realizou-se revisão da produção técnico-científica sobre Covid-19, afastamento e retorno ao trabalho e sistematização em documento orientador sobre o tema. Propõe-se elementos essenciais para a avaliação de retorno ao trabalho após adoecimento por Covid-19 mediante desenvolvimento de ações sincrônicas nas dimensões indivíduo, ambiente de trabalho e atores sociais. Tais ações consideram desde a real situação de saúde do(a) trabalhador(a) até as condições do ambiente de trabalho para o qual o(a) trabalhador(a) irá retornar, mediadas pelos atores envolvidos. A decisão sobre o tempo de afastamento do trabalho pautada apenas em critérios clínicos tende a ser restritiva e insuficiente frente à complexidade do processo de adoecimento por Covid-19, devendo-se incorporar aspectos psicossociais e adequações nos locais de trabalho.

Although incipient, studies have contributed with guidance regarding procedures for the removal of workers exposed directly or indirectly to SARS-CoV-2; with symptoms of Flu Syndrome or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; and/or tested positive for Covid-19. There is still a gap on the necessary conducts for returning to work that go beyond the clinical approach. This study aims at guiding decision-making, planning and adoption of effective measures to protect the health of workers that return to the work environment after falling ill by Covid-19. A review of the technical-scientific production on Covid-19, removal and return to work was conducted, and systematized in a guiding document on the subject. Essential elements are proposed for the assessment of return to work after illness by Covid-19 by the development of synchronous actions in the individual, work environment and social actor dimensions. Such actions consider the real health situation of the worker and the conditions of the work environment to which the worker will return, mediated by the actors involved. The decision on the time away from work based only on clinical criteria tends to be restrictive and insufficient considering the complexity of the illness process by Covid-19, and psychosocial aspects and adaptations in the workplace should be incorporated.

Aunque incipientes, los estudios han contribuido con la orientación sobre los procedimientos del alejamiento de trabajadores expuestos directa o indirectamente al SARS-CoV-2; con síntomas de síndrome de gripe o síndrome respiratorio agudo severo, o que dieron positivo para Covid-19. Aún existen lagunas en las conductas necesarias para la reinserción al trabajo que van más allá del abordaje clínico. Este estudio tiene como objetivo orientar la toma de decisiones, la planificación y la adopción de medidas efectivas de prevención a la salud de los trabajadores que regresan al entorno laboral después de enfermarse por Covid-19. Se realizó una revisión de la producción técnico-científica sobre Covid-19, alejamiento y vuelta al trabajo y una sistematización en un documento guía sobre el tema. Se proponen elementos esenciales para evaluar la reinserción al trabajo después de la enfermedad por Covid-19 mediante el desarrollo de acciones sincrónicas en las dimensiones individual, de ambiente laboral y de actores sociales. Tales acciones contemplan desde la situación real de salud del trabajador hasta las condiciones del entorno laboral al que retornará el trabajador, mediadas por los actores involucrados. La decisión sobre el tiempo de baja laboral basada únicamente en criterios clínicos tiende a ser restrictiva e insuficiente ante la complejidad del proceso de enfermedad por Covid-19, debiendo incorporarse aspectos psicosociales y adaptaciones en el ámbito laboral.

New genus of trichomatous coelomycete on Myrcia fenzliana from the Brazilian Cerrado.

Megacoelomyces (type species: Megacoelomyces sanchezii), an ascomycete asexual morph infecting Myrcia fenzliana (Myrtaceae) from the Brazilian Cerrado, is described as a new genus in the Phaeosphaeriaceae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota), based on multilocus phylogeny (three nuclear ribosomal DNA and two protein-coding genes) in addition to morphological (light and scanning electron microscopy) and ecological data.

Tomato yellow vein streak virus and Tomato golden vein virus: a reappraisal of the classification status of two South American Begomovirus species based upon genome-wide pairwise identity of multiple isolates.

Tomato yellow vein streak virus (ToYVSV) and tomato golden vein virus (TGVV) are begomoviruses reported infecting tomatoes and other hosts across South America. However, their close phylogenetic relationship has generated uncertainties about their taxonomic status and nomenclature. In fact, genomic DNA-A identity levels of isolates reported with an identical virus name may range from 89-100%. In view of the potential inaccuracy regarding the classification status of these viruses (strains vs. distinct species), we carried out a comprehensive set of analyses employing all 45 available isolates with complete DNA-A sequences with either ToYVSV or TGVV designation. Two clear-cut clusters were identified and they were consistent with the current criteria for Begomovirus species demarcation. Moreover, our reappraisal confirmed a large array of misnamed isolates and recognized a distinctive set of virus species-specific genomic, biological, and ecological features. Hence, the present work gives support to the notion that these viruses are closely-related, but they are distinct and valid Begomovirus species. From the breeding standpoint, this information will be useful in guiding germplasm screening strategies searching for sources of large-spectrum resistance to isolates of both viruses.

(In)Visibilidade do usuário-trabalhador na interação com profissionais de saúde no contexto de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família / (In)visibility of service user-workers in the interaction with health care professionals in the context of a family health center / (In)Visibilidad del usuario-trabajador en la interacción con profesionales de salud en el contexto de una unidad de salud de la familia

Buscou-se compreender como demandas de saúde relacionadas ao trabalho aparecem na interação usuário (trabalhador) - profissionais de Saúde da Família e repercutem sobre o cuidado. Adotou-se a perspectiva etnográfica para produção de dados com registro em diário de campo dos atendimentos observados, entrevistas situadas e semiestruturadas. O trabalhador tornou-se visível para os profissionais por meio de pedidos formais, manifestações clínicas, vínculo estabelecido e perfil do usuário. Nos atendimentos foram observadas respostas orientadas pela queixa clínica e lacunas na coordenação do cuidado. A (in)visibilidade do trabalhador no contexto dos atendimentos apareceu articulada e em camadas, abrangendo aspectos do indivíduo, processo de trabalho e da proteção social. Compreender essas sobreposições no cuidado aos trabalhadores na Atenção Primária pode contribuir para qualificar e ampliar a resolutividade da Atenção à Saúde no Sistema Público de Saúde. (AU)

This study aimed to understand how work-related health needs appear in the interaction between service users (workers) and family health professionals and affect care. We adopted ethnographic methods to collect data, including recording observed appointments in a field diary and situated and semi-structured interviewing. The worker became visible to the health professionals through formal requests, clinical manifestations, patient-professional bonds and the patient profile. During the appointments we observed responses oriented by clinical complaints and gaps in the coordination of care. The (in)visibility of workers in the context of appointments was articulated and in layers, encompassing aspects of the individual, the work process and social protection. Understanding these overlapping aspects in the delivery of care to workers in primary care settings can contribute to improving and broadening the resolvability of health care in the public health system. (AU)

Se buscó entender cómo las demandas de salud relacionadas al trabajo aparecen en la interacción usuario (trabajador) - profesionales de Salud de la Familia y repercuten sobre el cuidado. Se adoptó la perspectiva etnográfica para la producción de datos, con registro en diario de campo de las atenciones observadas, entrevistas situadas y semiestructuradas. El trabajador pasó a ser visible para los profesionales por medio de pedidos formales, manifestaciones clínicas, vínculo establecido y perfil del usuario. En las atenciones se observaron respuestas orientadas por la queja clínica y lagunas de coordinación del cuidado. La (in)visibilidad del trabajador en el contexto de las atenciones apareció articulada y en capas, alcanzando aspectos del individuo, proceso de trabajo y de la protección social. Comprender esas superposiciones en el cuidado a los trabajadores en la atención primaria puede contribuir para calificar y ampliar la capacidad de resolución de la atención de la salud en el Sistema Público de Salud. (AU)

Natural Infection of Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) by Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus Isolates across Four Brazilian States.

Severe yield losses induced by a complex of whitefly-transmitted Begomovirus species (family Geminiviridae) have been reported in tomatoes in Brazil (Reis et al. 2020). Nine isolates were obtained from tomato plants exhibiting begomovirus-like symptoms (viz. apical and interveinal chlorosis, yellow spots, and stunting) during independent field surveys: one isolate in Sumaré, São Paulo-SP State (isolate SP-066) in 2001, two in Serra Negra, Minas Gerais-MG (MG-012 and MG-016) in 2002, five in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul-RS (RS-039, RS-045, RS-046, RS-047 and RS-058) in 2011 and one in Domingos Martins, Espírito Santo-ES (ES-148) in 2016. Disease incidence across all sampled fields ranged from 30% (in Domingos Martins-ES) to 90% in Sumaré-SP. Total DNA extraction was done by a modified CTAB method (Boiteux et al., 1999). Begomovirus infection was confirmed in all isolates by selective amplification of viral DNA-A segments using the primer pairs 'PAL1v1978 / PAR1c496' (Rojas et al., 1993) and 'BegomoAFor1' / 'BegomoARev1' (Ha et al., 2006), which produce two large and non-overlapping segments (≈1120 bp and ≈1205 bp, respectively). These PCR amplicons were initially characterized via direct Sanger dideoxy sequencing at CNPH. BLASTn analysis of the partial DNA-A genomes of these nine isolates indicated identity levels of 95-97% to three euphorbia yellow mosaic virus (EuYMV) reference isolates (= KY559532, JF756674, and KY559583) found infecting the weed Euphorbia heterophylla L. The entire DNA-A (2,609 nts = MN746971) and DNA-B (2,579 nts = MN746970) components of the MG-016 isolate were obtained via high-performance sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 2500 system (Macrogen Inc., South Korea). Sequences were assembled with the CLC Genomics Workbench program 10. Contigs were validated by BLASTx and BLASTn and compared to the ssDNA virus database at NCBI (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The fully-characterized MG-016 isolate displayed identity levels ranging from 97 to 99% to the EuYMV reference isolates as well as similar genomic features such as the conserved TATA box, nonanucleotide, and iterons (that were in agreement with a cognate nature of the DNA-A and DNA-B components). A partial sequence of the DNA-B genome was also obtained for the MG-012 isolate (MT7831942). The isolates MG-012 and MG-016 were found in mixed infections with tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and tomato golden vein virus (TGVV), respectively. In addition, the complete DNA-A genomes of ES-148 (MN746972) and SP-066 (MN782438) were also obtained via a combination of primer walking and Sanger dideoxy sequencing, displaying 96-98% identity to EuYMV isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of multiple and independent events of natural infection of tomatoes by EuYMV isolates. Our results confirm the natural host status of tomatoes to EuYMV isolates as indicated in previous infectivity assays using biolistic inoculation (Barreto et al., 2013). The weed E. heterophylla is widely disseminated and very often present within tomato fields due to its higher levels of tolerance to the major herbicide (metribuzin) employed in this crop. Therefore, this weed may act as a persistent reservoir of tomato-infecting EuYMV isolates, which may allow the selection of viral populations potentially more adapted to this vegetable crop.

Metagenomics of Neotropical Single-Stranded DNA Viruses in Tomato Cultivars with and without the Ty-1 Gene.

A complex of begomoviruses (Geminiviridae) can cause severe tomato yield losses in the neotropics. Here, next-generation sequencing was employed for large-scale assessment of single-stranded (ss)DNA virus diversity in tomatoes either harboring or lacking the large-spectrum begomovirus tolerance Ty-1 gene. Individual leaf samples exhibiting begomovirus-like symptoms (n = 107) were field-collected, circular DNA-enriched, subdivided into pools (with and without Ty-1), and Illumina-sequenced. Virus-specific PCR and Sanger dideoxy sequencing validations confirmed 15 distinct ssDNA virus/subviral agents (occurring mainly in mixed infections), which highlight the potential drawbacks of employing virus-specific resistance in tomato breeding. More viruses (14 versus 6 species) were observed in tomatoes without the Ty-1 gene. A gemycircularvirus (Genomoviridae), a new alpha-satellite, and two novel Begomovirus species were identified exclusively in samples without the Ty-1 gene. A novel begomovirus was found only in the Ty-1 pool, being the only species associated with severe symptoms in Ty-1 plants in our survey. Our work is the first step towards the elucidation of the potential begomovirus adaptation to Ty-1 and its specific filtering effects on a subset of ssDNA viral/subviral agents.

Garcinielliptone FC: Selective anti-amastigote and immunomodulatory effects on macrophages infected by Leishmania amazonensis.

The present study was directed to the in vitro antileishmanial, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of Garcinielliptone FC (GFC) against promastigote and macrophage-internalized amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. GFC showed in vitro cytotoxicity against BALB/c peritoneal macrophages with CC50 of 74.90 µM. The hemolytic activity against sheep erythrocytes only demonstrated a decrease of 20.42% in cell viability at the highest tested concentration tested (1326.0 µM). GFC promoted in vitro growth inhibition of both promastigote and intracellular amastigotes with IC50 values of 14.06 and 1.91 µM, respectively, with 7.3-fold higher Selectivity Index (SI) for intracellular amastigotes (SI = 39.21) than for promastigotes (SI = 5.33). Interestingly, the pre-treatment of macrophages or promastigotes with GFC promoted decrease of infected macrophages and number of recovered amastigotes, respectively. Also, GFC was able to markedly promote macrophages activation by increase of phagocytic capability and nitrite production at concentrations able to solve infection of macrophages by L. amazonensis, suggesting the possible involvement of immunomodulatory modulation of macrophages leading to solve the infection. GFC is an emerging and promising chemical compound for the studies focused on the assessment of its therapeutic potential on in vivo experimental models of leishmaniasis.

Saúde do trabalhador na Atenção Primária à Saúde: compreender o passado para planejar o futuro / Occupational health in Primary Health Care: understanding the past to plan for the future

O estudo analisa o processo de inserção de ações de Saúde do Trabalhador na Atenção Primária à Saúde para promoção da atenção integral à saúde dos trabalhadores na rede de saúde, conforme preconiza o Sistema Único de Saúde e a Política Nacional de Saúde do Trabalhador e da Trabalhadora. O objetivo geral é compreender as interações estabelecidas entre os atores sociais, os componentes das intervenções e o contexto de implantação de ações de Saúde do Trabalhador na Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa descritiva e exploratória. Inicialmente foi realizada uma revisão e síntese da literatura para identificar relatos de experiências de desenvolvimento de intervenções em Saúde do Trabalhador na Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil no período de 2000 a 2017. Intervenções com ações organizadas para modificar uma situação problema, onde fosse possível identificar os cinco componentes de uma intervenção (estrutura, atores, processos de ação, finalidades e ambiente). Em seguida foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os autores/atores das experiências selecionadas (Amparo, Betim e Campinas). Os resultados são apresentados em três etapas: na primeira apresenta as características dos municípios que desenvolveram as intervenções selecionadas; a segunda apresenta a interlocução com os autores/atores das intervenções; a terceira etapa buscou descrever as intervenções de Amparo, Betim e Campinas por meio da identificação das referências básicas e componentes de cada uma delas. Os resultados indicam que há viabilidade para o desenvolvimento de ações de Saúde do Trabalhador na Atenção Primária, apesar das barreiras existentes, por meio da construção de redes de apoio; da educação permanente que busque a construção de um novo saber mediante a oferta de apoio técnico-pedagógico; do estabelecimento de vínculo baseado numa relação de confiança e respeito; e com uma estrutura adequada

Modelo lógico de um programa de retorno ao trabalho: instrumento orientador para prevenir a incapacidade / Logical model of a return to work program: guiding tool to prevent disability

Resumo Introdução: organizar e avaliar Programas de Retorno ao Trabalho (PRT) de indivíduos afastados por incapacidade, decorrente de lesões sofridas no ambiente laboral, é de grande importância para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Objetivo: construir o Modelo Lógico do PRT desenvolvido pelo Centro Estadual de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador da Bahia (Cesat/Bahia) como uma das etapas iniciais do processo de avaliação da sua implantação. Método: estudo de caso único, integrado e retrospectivo, visando a elaboração de Modelo Lógico baseado em roteiro formulado pelo Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea) para avaliação de programas. Resultados: o Modelo Lógico final do PRT-Cesat/Bahia foi construído em três dimensões operacionais -indivíduo (trabalhador), ambiente de trabalho e atores sociais -, permitindo que a equipe coordenadora refletisse sobre as várias etapas do processo e sobre o impacto e a utilidade do programa para a população. Conclusão: o Modelo Lógico possibilita aos profissionais de saúde, pesquisadores, trabalhadores e demais atores sociais debater o conteúdo, princípios, recursos e teorias para implantação, replicação e avaliação de PRT.

Abstract Introduction: it is of great importance for the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) to organize and evaluate Return to Work programs for workers in disability leave due to injuries suffered in the work environment. Objective: to construct the Logical Model of the Return to Work program developed by the Bahia State Worker's Health Reference Center (Cesat/Bahia) as one of the initial stages for the evaluation of its implantation process. Method: a single, integrated and retrospective case study, aiming at elaborating a Logical Model based on a script formulated by the Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea). Results: the Cesat/Bahia Logical Model of Return to Work program was constructed in three operational dimensions - individual (worker), work environment and social actors -, allowing the coordinating team to reflect on its process stages as well as on the program impact and utility for the population. Conclusion: the Logical Model enables health professionals, researchers, workers and other social actors to discuss the content, principles, resources and theories for the implementation, propagation and evaluation of the Return to Work program.

Estudo morfológico do efeito subagudo de altas doses do óleo de copaíba em ratos / Morphological study of the subacute effect of high doses of copaíba oil on rat's

Objetivo: estudo morfológico sobre efeito subagudo de altas doses do óleo de copaíba em rins,estômago e fígado de ratos. Método: estudo experimental, utilizando 16 ratos (Rattus norvegicusalbinus), da linhagem Wistar, machos, distribuídos em dois grupos de oito ratos cada. Cada animalrecebeu, via gavagem, a determinada dose de óleo de copaíba - Copaifera officinalis - ou água destilada,durante 14 dias, conforme: Grupo copaíba (GCop): 6,0 ml/kg de copaíba e Grupo Água (GA): 6,0 ml/kgde água destilada. Após o 14o dia, os ratos foram submetidos à anestesia inalatória e posteriorlaparotomia longitudinal mediana xifopúbica para retirada de seus rins, estômago e fígado. Resultados:o estômago dos animais do grupo GCop, foi o órgão que mais sofreu alterações, desenvolvendoortoceratose compacta em sua mucosa e infiltrado inflamatório misto em mucosa e submucosa associadoà vasocongestão; nos rins observou-se vasocongestão glomerular difusa; já o fígado não apresentoualteração microscópica alguma. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o uso subagudo de copaíba em altas dosesprovoca um processo inflamatório no estômago e faz com que haja espessamento da mucosa gástrica,além de levar a uma vasocongestão glomerular renal e não alterar a microscopia hepática.

Objective: to evaluate morphologically the subacute effect of high doses of copaiba oil in rat?skidneys, stomach and liver. Method: 16 Wistar male rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were used,distributed in two groups of eight rats each. Each group received, by way of gavage, a quantity of theadopted substance, during 14 days, according to the following division: Copaiba Group (CopG): 6.0ml/kg of copaiba oil and Water group ? Standard group ? (SG): 6.0 ml/kg of distilled water. After the14th day, the rats were submitted to inhalatory anesthesia followed by a longitudinal midlinelaparotomy, which aimed to take out the rat?s kidneys, stomach and liver and send them tomicroscopical analyze. Results: Rat?s stomachs were the organs which suffered most of thealterations, showing compact orthokeratosis, mucosal and submucosal polimorfonuclear andmononuclear infiltrate and submucosal vascular congestion; in the kidneys were observed extenseglomerular vascular congestion; and the livers didn?t show any microscopic alterations. Conclusions:It was concluded that the subacute use of copaiba oil in high doses promotes relevant pathologicalalterations on rat?s kidneys and stomach, but does not alter microscopically the hepatic structure.

Programa de reabilitação de trabalhadores com LER/DORT do Cesat/Bahia: ativador de mudanças na Saúde do Trabalhador / Cesat/Bahia rehabilitation program for workers with RSI/WRMD: a starter for changes in Workers Health

Este artigo apresenta a concepção e a implantação do Programa de Retorno ao Trabalho (PRT), em fase de projeto piloto, como parte do Programa de Reabilitação de Trabalhadores com LER/DORT do Cesat/Bahia, desde 2007. Esta experiência tem-se apresentado como um processo ativador de diálogos e mudanças no campo da saúde do trabalhador no estado da Bahia, envolvendo os diversos atores implicadosna reabilitação de trabalhadores. É apresentado o GT de Reabilitação/Cesat, sua constituição, composição e características de atuação, os caminhos trilhados, as escolhas feitas no sentido da integração das ações de vigilância e assistência a partirdo PRT/Cesat/BA. São descritas suas etapas, o papel de cada ator envolvido, os métodos e instrumentos utilizados e os resultados esperados. Chama-se atenção para a aproximação com a CIF enquanto um recurso para dar visibilidade às demandas biopsicossociais do processo de saúde e doença dos trabalhadores. A elaboração do PRT tem proporcionado o amadurecimento teórico do grupo técnico, como também o fortalecimento das interações institucionais necessárias ao desenvolvimento de um programa de reabilitação de trabalhadores de abrangência estadual, contribuindo para a formatação de ações mais integradoras para o enfrentamento da complexa problemática da reabilitação de trabalhadores na Renast/SUS.

This article presents the formulation and adoption of the Programa de Retorno ao Trabalho (Return to Work Program - PRT), still in a pilot project stage, as part of Cesat/Bahia (Occupational Health Reference Center of the state of Bahia, Brazil) Rehabilitation Program for workers with RSI/WMSD. This experience has fostered debates and changes within the occupational health in the state of Bahia, involving several agents engaged with workers rehabilitation. The paper introduces the Cesat Rehabilitation Work Group, its constitution, composition, and operational characteristics, as well as paths followed and choices made aiming the integration of surveillance and healthcare actions in PRT since 2007.It describes all the stages of the program, the role of each agent involved, methods and instruments used, and the expected results. It emphasizes the use of ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) as a resource to give visibility to the biopsychosocial demands of workers health/disease process. The formulation of PRT has promoted the theoretical development of the technical group and strengthened the institutional interactions needed to establish a statewide Workers Rehabilitation Program. It has also contributed to the development of more integrative actions in order to face the complex problems concerning workers rehabilitation in the National Network for Comprehensive Workers Healthcare (Renast) within the National Health System (SUS).

Investigação dos óbitos infantis utilizando o Modelo Calgary de Avaliação e Intervenção em Famílias / Survey of infant mortality by the Calgary Family Assessment Model

Objetivo: relatar a aplicação do Modelo Calgary de Avaliação e Intervenção em Família (MCAIF) na entrevista com osfamiliares durante a investigação dos óbitos infantis em dois municípios do extremo sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Método:estudo descritivo, exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado no ano de 2007, em dois municípios do extremo suldo estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi abordada uma família em cada município, com caso de óbito infantil, por meio devisitas domiciliares utilizando o MCAIF. O estudo possui abordagem qualitativa e, para a análise dos dados, foramconsideradas as informações obtidas durante a entrevista, construção do genograma, do ecomapa e o formulário deinvestigação de óbito infantil. Estudo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina daUniversidade Federal de Pelotas (063/07). Resultados: o MCAIF foi útil na abordagem às famílias enlutadas com a perdaprecoce de um dos seus membros, aproximando não apenas o enfermeiro da família, como fortalecendo o relacionamentodesta com o sistema público de saúde. Conclusão: este estudo permitiu compreender que o enfermeiro, por meio darealização do cuidado família sob o enfoque sistêmico, proporciona uma assistência ampliada para as necessidades dafamília.

Etiologia da microbiota presente em úlceras venosas de usuários de bota de unna / Aetiology of the microbiota in venous ulcers of Unna’s boot users

A cicatrização das lesões crônicas é um grande desafio para o enfermeiro, que precisa contribuir para que o processo de cicatrização seja acelerado. Os microrganismos estão presentes em todas as feridas crônicas, porém a cicatrização ocorre mesmo na presença destes no leito da ferida; sendo assim, um dos fatores determinantes para que ocorra a infecção é o desequilíbrio na interação com o hospedeiro em favor do microrganismo e não a mera presença deste. Objetivou-se com este estudo identificar os microrganismos prevalentes nas Úlceras Venosas de pacientes usuários de Bota de Unna buscando minimizar os prejuízos causados na cicatrização, assim, o enfermeiro tem subsídios para orientar o paciente e contribuir para uma melhor assistência na realização dos curativos. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa retrospectiva através do levantamento do resultado das culturas realizadas em Úlceras Venosas de pacientes usuários de Bota de Unna do ano de 2008 no Ambulatório para Tratamento de Úlceras da Clínica de Educação para Saúde (CEPS)...

The healing of chronic lesions is a major challenge for the nurse, who need help the healing process is accelerated. Microorganisms are present in all chronic wounds, but healing occurs even in the presence of the wound bed, so in one of the determining factors for the occurrence of infection is the imbalance in the interaction with the host in favor of micro-organism and not mere presence.This project aimed to identify microorganisms prevalent in venousulcers in patients using Unna boot to minimize damage caused to heal, so the nurse has support to guide the patient and contribute to better assist in making dressings. To this end, we conducted aretrospective study by surveying the results of cultures performed on venous ulcers in patients using Unna boot in the year 2008 at the Clinic for treatment of ulcers, Clinical Education for Health(CEPS)...